Case report: Unusual breast cancer metastasis manifesting as a scalp lesion in a patient with invasive lobular carcinoma.

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in women globally, often leading to distant metastasis in the lung, liver, or bones. Cutaneous metastasis represents an uncommon pattern in breast cancer, but when observed, it tends to manifest in the thorax and upper abdomen, primarily due to lymph node involvement. Therefore, occurrences of cutaneous metastasis on the scalp and extremities are infrequent. Moreover, invasive lobular carcinoma metastasizing to remote skin is rare among the breast cancer. This report presents a case of cutaneous metastasis of invasive lobular carcinoma to the scalp in a patient treated for breast cancer six years ago, with no signs of local recurrence or metastasis to other organs.

Intratumoral 99mTc-DPD Uptake on Bone Scintigraphy in a Patient With Invasive Micropapillary Breast Carcinoma: A Pathologic Review.

ABSTRACT: Invasive micropapillary carcinoma (IMPC) is a rare and aggressive subtype of breast cancer with a poorer prognosis due to high local recurrence and lymphovascular invasion. Interestingly, IMPC often does not show suspicious patterns of calcifications related to malignancy on mammography. Therefore, the lack of suspicious calcifications makes it difficult to detect breast cancer on mammography. With only nonspecific calcifications on mammography, we observed an unusual intratumoral 99mTc-DPD uptake on whole-body bone scintigraphy in an IMPC breast cancer patient during the initial staging workup, and its characteristics were compared with mammographic findings and the postoperative pathologic features.

Masson Tumor of the Heel Fat Pad.

ABSTRACT: Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (Masson tumor) is an uncommon benign vascular lesion characterized by a reactive proliferation of endothelial cells. This lesion commonly occurs in the head, neck, and upper extremities. Although it can be found anywhere in the body, the lesion has never affected the heel fat pad. This report presents a rare case of Masson tumor of the heel fat pad to facilitate the recognition of this uncommon lesion and also suggests other conditions to be considered when diagnosing heel lesions.

Computed tomography-based visual assessment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: comparison with pulmonary function test and quantitative computed tomography.

BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has variable subtypes involving mixture of large airway inflammation, small airway disease, and emphysema. This study evaluated the relationship between visually assessed computed tomography (CT) subtypes and clinical/imaging characteristics. METHODS: In total, 452 participants were enrolled in this study between 2012 and 2017. Seven subtypes were defined by visual evaluation of CT images using Fleischner Society classification: normal, paraseptal emphysema (PSE), bronchial disease, and centrilobular emphysema (trace, mild, moderate and confluent/advanced destructive). The differences in several variables, including clinical, laboratory, spirometric, and quantitative CT features among CT-based visual subtypes, were compared using the chi-square tests and one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: Subjects who had PSE had better forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) (P=0.03) percentage and higher lung density (P<0.05) than those with moderate to confluent/advanced destructive centrilobular emphysema. As the visual grade of centrilobular emphysema worsened, pulmonary function declined and modified Medical Research Council, COPD assessment test (CAT) score, and quantitative assessment (emphysema index and air trapping) increased. The bronchial subtype was associated with higher body mass index (BMI), better lung function and higher lung density. Participants with trace emphysema showed a rapid increase in functional small airway disease. CONCLUSIONS: Classifying subtypes using visual CT imaging features can reflect heterogeneity and pathological processes of COPD.

Clinicopathological and Imaging Features Predictive of Clinical Outcome in Metaplastic Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Metaplastic breast cancer (MC) is a rare disease, thus it is difficult to study its clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether any clinicopathological or imaging features were associated with clinical outcome in MC. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the clinicopathological and imaging findings, and the clinical outcomes of seventy-two pathologically confirmed MCs. We then compared these parameters between triple-negative (TNMC) and non-TNMCs (NTNMC). RESULTS: Oval or round shape, and not-circumscribed margin were the most common findings on mammography, ultrasound (US), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It was mostly a mass without calcification on mammography, and revealed complex or hypoechoic echotexture, and posterior acoustic enhancement on US, and rim enhancement, wash-out kinetics, peritumoral edema, and intratumoral necrosis on MRI. Of all 72, 64 were TNMCs, and eight were NTNMCs. Clinicopathological and imaging findings were similar between the two groups, except that MRI showed peritumoral edema more frequently in TNMCs than NTNMCs (p=0.045). There were 21 recurrences and 13 deaths. Multivariable analysis showed that larger tumor size and co-existing DCIS were significantly predictive of Disease free survival (DFS), and larger tumor size and neoadjuvant chemotherapy were significantly predictive of overall survival (OS). CONCLUSION: MC showed characteristic imaging findings, and some variables associated with survival outcome may help to predict prognosis.

Comparison of conventional and automated breast volume ultrasound in the description and characterization of solid breast masses based on BI-RADS features.

PURPOSE: To compare the performance of radiologists in the use of conventional ultrasound (US) and automated breast volume ultrasound (ABVU) for the characterization of benign and malignant solid breast masses based on breast imaging and reporting data system (BI-RADS) criteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Conventional US and ABVU images were obtained in 87 patients with 106 solid breast masses (52 cancers, 54 benign lesions). Three experienced radiologists who were blinded to all examination results independently characterized the lesions and reported a BI-RADS assessment category and a level of suspicion of malignancy. The results were analyzed by calculation of Cohen's κ coefficient and by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS: Assessment of the agreement of conventional US and ABVU indicated that the posterior echo feature was the most discordant feature of seven features (κ = 0.371 ± 0.225) and that orientation had the greatest agreement (κ = 0.608 ± 0.210). The final assessment showed substantial agreement (κ = 0.773 ± 0.104). The areas under the ROC curves (Az) for conventional US and ABVU were not statistically significant for each reader, but the mean Az values of conventional US and ABVU by multi-reader multi-case analysis were significantly different (conventional US 0.991, ABVU 0.963; 95 % CI -0.0471 to -0.0097). The means for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of conventional US and ABVU did not differ significantly. CONCLUSION: There was substantial inter-observer agreement in the final assessment of solid breast masses by conventional US and ABVU. ROC analysis comparing the performance of conventional US and ABVU indicated a marginally significant difference in mean Az, but not in mean sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, or negative predictive value.

Analysis of incidental focal hypermetabolic uptake in the breast as detected by 18F-FDG PET/CT: clinical significance and differential diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: With the widespread use of PET/CT, incidental hypermetabolic foci unrelated to the known malignancy have been described with increasing frequency. PURPOSE: To determine the frequency and clinical significance of incidental focal hypermetabolic uptake in the breast as detected by 18F-FDG PET/CT, and to explore factors differentiating benign and malignant breast uptake. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From January 2005 to June 2010, a total of 51,971 whole-body FDG PET/CT examinations were performed in our clinic. After excluding 7254 sets of PET/CT data from patients known to have breast cancer, we retrospectively identified patients showing incidental focal hypermetabolic activity in the breast. Of 44,717 PET/CT examinations conducted on 32,988 patients, we identified 131 patients with no previous known or suspected benign and malignant breast disease. The etiology, mean SUV(max), and diameter of breast lesions were assessed. We also compared the presentation of the lesions on CT, mammography, and ultrasonography. RESULTS: Of the 131 patients, 60 were histologically diagnosed with breast lesions, including 32 with malignant and 28 with benign lesions. An additional 11 patients were followed-up for more than 2 years and were clinically considered to have benign lesions. The remaining 60 patients who had neither histologic confirmation nor followed-up for more than 2 years were excluded. Therefore, 71 patients were finally included. The mean SUV(max) of 39 benign lesions and 32 malignant lesions were 2.02 ± 1.52 and 3.71 ± 3.83, respectively (P = 0.0001). At a cut-off value of 2.3, the rate of malignancy and specificity of the mean SUVmax for differentiating benign and malignant breast lesions were 61.3%, 76.3, respectively. The CT data from PET/CT revealed that the mean diameters of benign and malignant lesions were 1.19 ± 0.97 cm and 2.26 ± 1.96 cm, respectively (P = 0.0009). CONCLUSION: Incidental focal 18F-FDG uptake in the breast as detected by PET/CT was indicative of malignancy in 45% of patients. Both mean SUV(max) and diameter were greater for malignant than benign lesions.